Which Microbes are Where in your Body?

STORY AT -A-GLANCE by Dr. Joseph Mercola 2-21-24
The human gut is finally receiving the respect it deserves — and so are its trillions of
inhabitants. You are, at your core, a microbial being, and while microorganisms are
found everywhere from your skin to your mouth and even your blood, it’s your large
intestine where your body’s largest bacterial ecosystem resides.
If you treat it and the rest of your microbiome well, good health — both mental and
physical — is likely to result. By nourishing this complex microbial community, you can
What Lives in Your Gut?
Analysis by Dr. Joseph Mercola February 21, 2024
Your gut is home to bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and eukarya; bacteria make up the
vast majority of microbes in your microbiome

While your highly acidic stomach may host only about 1,000 colony-forming units (CFU)
of bacteria per milliliter (mL), your large intestine is home to up to 1 trillion CFU/mL

Bacteroides are the dominant microbe in your large intestine; the composition of these
microbes, and those elsewhere in your gut, are linked to health conditions like obesity,
depression, Alzheimer’s disease and inflammation

Your age, health status, diet and environment all influence the numbers and diversity of
microorganisms in your gut

A healthy gut microbiome depends on the consumption of whole, fermented foods and
the avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics and other environmental assaults; spore-based
probiotics are one option to help even influence your gut-brain axis, which regulates digestion, mood, immune function
and much more.


The Number of Microbes Living in Your Gut Is Staggering
Your gut is home to bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and eukarya. The latter two
resemble bacteria but are distinct groups of microorganisms. Bacteria, meanwhile,
make up the vast majority of microbes in your microbiome. Three main phyla or groups
of gut microbes make up the human microbiome and serve diverse structural, protective
and metabolic functions:
Bacteroidetes — Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Bacteroides
Firmicutes — Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Eubacteria
Actinobacteria — Bifidobacteria (the most prevalent type)
Broken down, the average person may host the following quantities of bacteria in
different body regions. Remember that this is just an average — your age, health status,
diet and environment all influence the numbers and diversity of microorganisms in your
gut.


Mouth — 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter (mL)
The digestion process begins in your mouth when you chew your food, making it easier
to break down in your gut. Your mouth contains an impressive number of microbes to
maintain oral health but if they become out of balance, disease may result.
For instance, the bacteria in your mouth are thought to play a role in blood pressure via
nitric oxide (NO), a soluble gas stored in the lining of your blood vessels, called the
endothelium. However, antiseptic compounds in mouthwash may destroy beneficial oral
bacteria that are important for maintaining blood pressure, thereby contributing to high
blood pressure levels.

In one study, the use of the mouthwash twice daily was associated with a significant
increase in systolic blood pressure after one week, while once the mouthwash was
stopped, “recovery from use resulted in an enrichment in nitrate-reducing bacteria on the
tongue. “


Differences in more than 10 species of bacteria living on the tongue were noted after
mouthwash use, including lower microbial diversity after one week of use. As noted in
a Frontiers in Bioscience review, nourishing and protecting your oral microbiome may
reduce your risk of multiple diseases:


“Recent studies show that one approach to reducing the risk of chronic
infections, such as caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and halitosis, is to control the
ecology of the oral microbiome instead of completely removing both the
harmful and beneficial microorganisms.


This is based on the knowledge that oral diseases are not caused by a single
pathogen but rather by a shift in the homeostasis of the entire microbiota, a
process known as dysbiosis. “


Pseudomonadota, which are present in higher concentrations in the mouth than in the
gut, also play an important role in producing short-chain fatty acids and boosting the
growth of beneficial gut microbes. Fusobacteriota represent another prominent type of
microbes in the body. While they can help stimulate inflammatory responses to fight
pathogens, they may also drive inflammation and are linked to periodontal disease.


Esophagus — 10 Million CFU/mL
Firmicutes tend to be particularly abundant in the esophagus. While relatively low in
numbers compared to elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, Firmicutes are useful for
helping to break down sugars and carbohydrates from the foods you eat.
Interestingly, Firmicutes, which are centrally involved in glucose and insulin metabolism,
belong to the phylum most adversely affected by the artificial sweetener sucralose.

Animal studies suggest the sucralose-altered gut microbiome could be involved in
inflammation of the gut and liver, as well as cancer.


Stomach — 1,000 CFU/mL
Your stomach’s low pH levels limit the growth of microbes. But even in this high-acid
environment, some microorganisms survive. Actinomycetota tend to be the dominant
microbes in the stomach, along with Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,
Peptostreptococcus and Lactobacillus.
Lactobacillus has been dubbed a “psychobiotic” because of its effects on mental
health, particularly anxiety and depression. Lactobacillus bacteria — found in many
fermented foods — helps dampen stress responses and prevent depression and anxiety,
in part, by modulating your immune system.


Small Intestine — 1,000 CFU/mL to 100 Million CFU/mL
The concentration of microbes in the small intestine gradually increases, starting with
1,000 CFU/mL in the duodenum — the first part of the small intestine — and rising to
100,000 CFU/mL in the second part, known as the jejunum. In the third part, the ileum,
there are about 100 million CFU/mL.


Firmicutes are abundant in the small intestine, but actinomycetota, which help break
down complex carbohydrates and produce vitamins B12 and K2, are another dominant
species. They also help protect against pathogens.
Bacteroides are also found in the small intestine. They also play a role in breaking down
complex carbohydrates and producing vitamins, as well as helping to regulate the
immune system.


Large Intestine — Up to 1 Trillion CFU/mL

Bacteroides are the dominant microbe in your large intestine, the area of your body with
the highest concentration of bacteria. Bifidobacteria are also present. The composition
of these microbes, and those elsewhere in your gut, are linked to health conditions like
obesity and inflammation.


As noted in a review published in Nutrients, obese individuals tend to have higher
proportions of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and lower proportion of Bacteroidetes and
Bifidobacterium compared to normal weight individuals.


Studies have also linked specific strains to specific health problems. For example, high
levels of Bacteroides vulgatus, which is abundant in the human gut, appear strongly
associated with inflammation, insulin resistance and altered metabolism. Low levels of
certain bacteria in the Firmicutes phylum, including Blautia and Faecalibacterium, have
been linked to the accumulation of trunk-fat specifically.


Your Gut-Brain Axis Is an Information Highway
Gut microbes’ effects don’t only apply to your gastrointestinal tract. They interact with
your central nervous system via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, a two-way information
highway that involves neural, immune, endocrine and metabolic pathways. By
promoting proinflammatory cytokines, bacteria may also play a role in damaging the
integrity of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the blood-brain barrier.
There are also 10 gut microbiota genera with a significant link to Alzheimer’s. Six are
negatively associated with Alzheimer’s, meaning they’re less common in people with
Alzheimer’s than in those without the disease and may therefore have a protective
effect.


The remaining four are positively associated with Alzheimer’s, meaning they’re more
abundant in those with Alzheimer’s disease, making them a risk factor for the condition.


Specifically:
Bacteria protective against Alzheimer’s include Firmicutes phylum (Eubacterium
nodatum group, Eisenbergiella and Eubacterium fissicatena group) as well as from
Actinobacteria (Adlercreutzia, Gordonibacter) and Bacteroidetes (Prevotella 9)
Bacteria associated with Alzheimer’s include Firmicutes (Lachnospira and
Veillonella), Actinobacteria (Collinsella) and Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides)


What’s Hurting Your Microbial Health?
Researchers are only beginning to tap the surface when it comes to unveiling the
complex relationship microbes have with human health and disease. But it’s known that
microbial diversity in your gut is a good thing, while decreased diversity in the gut
microbiome has been linked to chronic conditions such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
In general, gut microbial diversity decreases with age, but even younger people are
being affected. The overuse of antibiotics, elective C-sections and processed foods
have been described as primary factors “driving the destruction of our inner ecology.

C-section delivery is associated with an increased risk of immune system and metabolic
disorders, possibly due to altered microbes.
Dramatic increases in chronic diseases, including Type 1 diabetes, asthma, obesity,
gastroesophageal reflux disease and inflammatory bowel disease, are also linked to the
loss of bacterial diversity in our guts — caused by the overuse of antibiotics.
Consumption of whole foods, meanwhile, is linked to higher gut microbiota diversity, as
is consuming herbs and spices, for instance.
But processed foods, which are devoid of fiber needed to feed a healthy microbiome,
contain chemicals such as the herbicide glyphosate that also disrupt microbes. From
EMFs and air pollution to antibacterial soap, your microbiome is under constant
assault from the world around you.


How to Optimize Your Gut Microbiome
Avoiding antibiotics, including those found in conventionally raised meat, is key to
keeping your microbiome health intact. Ultraprocessed foods, artificial sweeteners,
chlorinated and fluoridated water, elective C-sections and antibacterial products are
other culprits that can worsen your microbial health.


A healthy gut microbiome depends on the consumption of fermented foods. A study
assigned 36 adults to consume a diet high in fermented foods or high-fiber foods for 10
weeks. Those consuming fermented foods had an increase in microbiome diversity as
well as decreases in markers of inflammation.


If you do take antibiotics or are looking for another supportive measure for gut health,
consider spore-based probiotics, or sporebiotics. These are part of a group of
derivatives of the Bacillus microbe and have been shown to dramatically increase your
immune tolerance.


Spore-based probiotics do not contain any live Bacillus strains, only its spores — the cell
wall or protective shell around the DNA and the working mechanism of that DNA. As
such, they are not affected by antibiotics and may be able to reestablish your gut
microbiome more effectively when taken in conjunction with the antibiotic.
In your gut, the Bacillus species also convert sugar into vitamin C, a nutrient well-known
for its anti-infectious effects and, according to Dr. Dietrich Klinghardt, a long-time
mentor of mine, sporebiotics also massively increase reproduction of acidophilus,
bifidus and other beneficial microbes in your gut via the electromagnetic messages they
send out.


This is entirely unique. When you take a regular probiotic, they primarily take care of
themselves. Bacillus spores, on the other hand, enhance many other beneficial
microbes. Bacillus spores also create 24 different substances that have strong
antimicrobial properties. But they do not kill indiscriminately the way antibiotics do.

As noted by Klinghardt:
“Seeding the gut with things that make it stronger, more resilient towards the
offenses we present to it is a huge key to our time. We need to live through this
insane time, and we need to use all the tools that give us more resilience, which
is for me like a holy war.

Resilience means immune tolerance — tolerating the stresses of our time, and
any tool that does it, that is healthy, that doesn’t have side effects, is important
to have in our tool chest. [Sporebiotics] is one of the major ones. “


Sources and References
Nutr Rev. 2012 Aug; 70(Suppl 1): S38–S44., Intro
Bitchute, Microbiome and the Immune System, Interview With Rodney Dietert, Ph.D. January 22, 2021
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar; 24(6): 5633
Visual Capitalist, What Lives in Your Gut Microbiome?
Nutrients 2019 Feb; 11(2): 258, 2. Gut Microbiota Composition and Function
Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 01 March 2019. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00039
Scientific Reports volume 10, Article number: 5254 (2020)
Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2023 Oct 16;15(4):23. doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1504023
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023; 107(2-3): 517–534., Pseudomonadota: From the oral cavity to the gut
microbiome
Microorganisms 2022, 10(2)
Brain, Behavior and Immunity January 2024; 115: 458-469, Introduction
Brain, Behavior and Immunity January 2024; 115: 458-469
Nutrients 2019 Feb; 11(2): 258, 4. Gut Microbiota Strains and Obesity
Scientific Reports March 31, 2023
Scientific Reports March 31, 2023, Introduction
Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Jan 31; 11(2): 289–290
The Invisible Extinction, Synopsis
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine December 2018, 85 (12) 928-930
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(8), 1835
The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 152, Issue 11, November 2022, Pages 2461–2470, doi:
10.1093/jn/nxac201, Intro (Archived)
Substack, ‘Toxic Legacy’ — How Glyphosate Destroys Your Health June 27, 2021
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec; 19(23): 15494
Cell July 12, 2021

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About MS and Alzheimer’s…..

Gene that protected humans 5,000 years ago may be linked to debilitating modern disease

Katie Hunt

By Katie Hunt, CNN

 5 minute read 

Updated 10:42 AM EST, Thu January 11, 2024

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Artist's illustration symbolically depicting the research results.

The researchers recovered DNA from the bones of ancient humans to better understand the genetic roots of disease.Sayo Studio

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Scientists have compiled the largest database of ancient DNA based on the bones and teeth of almost 5,000 humans who lived across Western Europe and parts of Central Asia from 34,000 years ago until medieval times.

Analysis of this uniquely detailed pool of ancient genetic information suggests genes that may have once protected prehistoric hunter-gatherers or Bronze Age herders from harmful pathogens may today increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s in Europeans.

The ambitious five-year project involving a team of 175 international experts combined previously known ancient genomes with freshly sequenced DNA from hundreds of skeletal specimens sourced from museums and other institutions across Europe. Together this data forms the world’s largest ancient gene bank, according to the scientists involved in the project.

An employee of the Natural History Museum in London looks at model of a Neanderthal male in his twenties, which on display at the museums 'Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story' exhibition which opens on 13th February till 28th September 2014.   (Photo by Will Oliver/PA Images via Getty Images)

Early risers may have inherited a faster body clock from Neanderthals

Researchers were able to use the database to chart the spread of genes — and diseases — over time as populations migrated and interbred, revealing how specific and dramatic changes in environment, such as the shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to farming, favored certain genetic variants.

By comparing the ancient DNA with modern-day samples, the researchers gained a new biological understanding of debilitating disorders and physical traits in the present day. The initial results from the project were published in four papers in the scientific journal Nature on Wednesday.

“What’s remarkable about this dataset is that now we can actually see what happened in the past, we can actually see what are the genetic variants that change in frequency in the past due to natural selection. And that allows us this very, very fine-grained picture,” said Rasmus Nielsen, a professor of integrative biology and geneticist at the University of California, Berkeley, who helped spearhead the project, at a news briefing this week. 

The Porsmose man from the Neolithic period, found in 1947 in Porsmose, Denmark.

The researchers sequenced DNA from human remains in museum collections around Europe.The Danish National Museum

How Bronze Age herders are linked to MS

One of the key findings from the first batch of research, based on more than 1,600 genomes in the database, was connected to multiple sclerosis, often called MS, a lifelong autoimmune disease of the nervous system that affects an estimated 2.5 million people worldwide. It’s a complex condition shaped by multiple environmental and genetic factors with many potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation, and balance.

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Northern Europeans are among those most prone to the the disease, the study noted, but the reasons why are little understood.

Researchers used the database to explore the genetic origins of multiple sclerosis. They found that genetic risk of having the condition correlates to the proportion of ancestry from a group of ancient pastoralists who introduced domesticated animals to Europe around 5,000 years ago.

These nomadic herders of cattle and sheep, known as the Yamnaya, originated from the Pontic steppe, which stretches from southeastern Europe into Kazakhstan. It’s thought they were the first horse riders, making them highly mobile

When they moved westward into Europe, they brought specific genetic variants that the researchers believe evolved to protect the nomads against pathogens carried by domesticated animals, the study found.

These genetic variants may have subsequently proved beneficial to European populations in making the shift from hunting and gathering to farming.

And because the Yamnaya primarily moved into northern Europe, the team concluded that the increased proportion of pastoralist ancestry in present-day northern Europeans might be partly responsible for the higher prevalence of the disease there.

04 black death plague immune system

The Black Death is still affecting the human immune system

“These results astounded us all. They provide a huge leap forward in our understanding of the evolution of MS and other autoimmune diseases,” said William Barrie, a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Cambridge’s department of zoology and coauthor of one of the papers, in a statement. “Showing how the lifestyles of our ancestors impacted modern disease risk just highlights how much we are the recipients of ancient immune systems in a modern world.” 

Today, the protective benefits of these genetic variants are no longer as useful, noted coauthor Astrid Iversen, a professor virology and immunology at the University of Oxford.

“We now lead very different lives to those of our ancestors in terms of hygiene, diet, and medical treatment options and this combined with our evolutionary history means we may be more susceptible to certain diseases than our ancestors were, including autoimmune diseases such as MS,” Iversen said in a statement.

Researchers also mapped the origins of a genetic variant, APOE ε4, known to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The gene was linked to early hunter-gatherer populations that once inhabited prehistoric Europe, one of the four studies found.

“DNA from hunter-gatherers is present at higher levels in Northeastern Europe, which means the region has an elevated genetic risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease,” Barrie said.

Similarly, the ancient genetic information shed light on the evolutionary history of traits such as height and lactose tolerance.

In commentary accompanying the research, Samira Asgari, an assistant professor in genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, said that it was crucial to extend these types of studies beyond Europe to other regions to “better understand how differences in population history might have contributed to the risk of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.”

A man takes pictures of a statue representing an iceman named Oetzi, discovered on 1991 in the Italian Schnal Valley glacier, is displayed at the Archaeological Museum of Bolzano on February 28, 2011 during an official presentation of the reconstrution. Based on three-dimensional images of the mummy's skeleton as well as the latest forensic technology, a new model of the living Oetzi has been created by Dutch experts Alfons and Adrie Kennis.   AFP PHOTO / Andrea Solero        (Photo credit should read Andrea Solero/AFP via Getty Images)

6 historical mysteries that scientists finally cracked in 2023 — and one they didn’t

“Although human biology is shared, each population has a unique history and focusing on a single population limits opportunities for discoveries that can bring insights that advance medicine,” wrote Asgari, who was not involved in the four studies.

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The new database provides the “most comprehensive views of the genetic history of a region to date,” said Tony Capra, an associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics in the Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute at the University of California, San Francisco.

“This has enabled the authors to fill in missing details in our understanding of both who lived where and when as well as how natural selection shaped the traits of modern individuals,” he said.

However, Capra cautioned that there is “rarely a simple answer to why one population may have a genetic variant while another does not.”

“The evolutionary history of our species makes many contributions to our health and traits today,” said Capra, who wasn’t involved in the research, via email.

“However, both then and now, all these genetic effects are modulated by the environment. And for most traits, MS included, the genetic effects are the result of multiple genetic variants,” he said. “Ultimately, we can’t say that MS came from Bronze Age populations, but these populations’ movements and environments contribute to differences in MS risk today.”

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The Benefits of Ping Shuai

Ping Suhai is a Qi gong exercise that has a suggestion in it that reminds us to smile. This aspect of Ping Shai alone has had a profound effect on me.  When I smile, I can feel my happy life just ahead and I can see it through the fog.  Like a puzzle that opens a new skill, Ping Shuai continues to capture me for almost a year now, and the happy life get closer.

Now, something new is happening.   I now say to myself, (with a big smile), “I found it”. Then the big smile gets even deeper. This has been happening a lot!  I found money, I found more love, I found happiness, I found everything that I wanted for my children, I found easy solutions to that which has been up until now, feeling kind of “hard”.  All of these things complete themselves with higher self-esteem. I have stopped telling myself that I am sick/weak/unloveable or any other low self-esteem thing that still has clung to to me from my past.  I can easily now step over it and walk away.

“I found it” means to me that I have connected to what I was looking for!!!  Strangely, it has been here all along, (like The Wizard of Oz that I watched every year on Thanksgiving). I found it, doesn’t seem to be physical, it is an alignment inside myself. I went from disconnected in some way from life that has been going on for my whole life, to being in it fully in a physical way. This is real and it flows right into the physical world.  When I say I found it, or I am about to find it, I go into a state of allowing it to be. It is a peaceful state of being that is satisfying.

This peaceful state, acknowledges that I have been looking for whatever it is that comes up when I say “I found it”.   It also completes it. It has some ability to create connection to power than can connect me to what I am looking for. It includes all of its completion. When I am looking for what it is that I look for, perhaps in that peaceful state, I enter into a state of curiosity. But, it is not that I enter or that I am curious or that I am trying to get it with my mind as a symbol of satisfaction. Rather, the state of being allows me to flow there. It is this flow that is spiritual and energetic and can bridge the physical and the energetic. When I find what I have been looking for, it changes everything both inside me, especially in my imagination (as a state of higher consciousness) and on the outer physical world which in the past has been more laborious to achieve.  

The Ping Shuai has an important aspect to it that I believe contributes to my body being able to flow in this peaceful state of being that I describe as “all the way well”. It does something that most people miss. It has to do with body fluids mixing and being able to move in the body. It requires exercise and shaking up the body as we are an oil and water emulsion. It is a way of breathing deeply and scanning from the top of the inhaled breath to the bottom of the exhale so the body can see itself in entirety. A great man from England told us in a health seminar that the top of the breath, if it is cut short, can lead to “itis” or infection. If the bottom of the breath scan is cut short, it can lead to an “otis” or cancer. So lately, I have been able to assist my body to eliminate toxins with the most powerful method I have found. Breathing. The presence of Oxygen is the absence of disease. So I watch my breath carefully. The exhale is meant to eliminate toxins from the blood. But I don’t breath if I am working intently unless I train myself. Usually, people who are sick, have very shallow breath strokes. I trained myself 15 years ago with a symbol on the bottom of my computer screen.

I use my breath to move the skin on the bones, the connective tissue and the movement that the glands depend on to balance the hormones and to rebuild the structures of my body that I break down due to bad habits. If I am not happy, I land on my liver. I get angry and whiney inside. This is definitely a neurotransmitter issue which I have corrected over time, but nothing like what has happened since I started using live Natto-kinese in the form fresh mushroom sprouts grown on black beluga lentils. This is a fresh culture process much like Bravo Yogurt. Then I eat a few tablespoons of the lentil-natto with Bravo Yogurt and avocado for breakfast with my supplements. Before that, when I very first wake up, I drink lots of water. I used to push water and force myself to drink it. This was hard on my kidneys. Now, I just drink what my body wants and keep fresh water available in my environment so that that my body gets it when it wants it. In morning meditation, I don’t sit with my back on a chair. Sitting is not good for my body, my kidney tubes, or the fluids which settle too much. At night when I sleep. the fluids are draining and moving and cleaning. 

In the 1930. Budwig got the Nobel peace prize for setting up a winning combination for health. A specifically cultured cottage cheese with a vitally alive flax oil. I have a seed press and 50 pounds of fresh seed. Mostly black sesame which has been used for oil pulling for 2000 years. Bravo yogurt is the best I have ever used for Budwig’s cottage cheese. Dr. Steven Gundry’s Moroccan olive oil is one of the best for giving my body Polyphenol-Rich nutrients needed for body smoothness and to keep the oils in the body fresh. Imuno is simply amazing at keeping the power going in the body so that I can lift my energy and not bump along in this world. Many of my customers are people who are high achievers and want more reach!

I am always open to being taught and to provide people with a custom plan to use the products. Feel free to reach out to me on the www.healthyenergetics.com pink chat button. Let me know what you are trying to do and what you have done about so far. and doing me in becoming all the way well.

Look for 30 min session of Ping Shai on YouTube.

🙂

Mimi

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Design and development of novel compounds aimedat optimizing the function of microtubules andtubulin in the immune system and the brain

https://medcraveonline.com/JNSK/JNSK-13-00565.pdf

Design and development of novel compounds aimed
at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
Volume 13 Issue 6 – 2023
Marco Ruggiero
National Coalition of Independent Scholars, United States of
America
Correspondence: Marco Ruggiero, MD, PhD, National
Coalition of Independent Scholars. 125 Putney Rd Battleboro,
VT 05301, United States of America,
Email
Received: October 11, 2023 | Published: November 27, 2023
Abstract
This study describes the design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing
the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and the brain as they relate
to the Orch OR theory of consciousness.
These compounds are defined by the following molecular formulas:
C65H100CoN15O22P(C6H12O5);
C65H100CoN15O22P(C5H10NO4);
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12N2O)n;
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12O5)(C6H12N2O)n;
(C6H12N2O)n(C6H12O5)m;
Zn(C6H12O5)2;
These molecules, formulated under the form of drugs, health functional foods, or food
supplements, have the potential to positively affect a number of areas ranging from
prevention and therapy of neurological diseases to supporting the immune system.
Keywords: tubulin, microtubules, immune system, brain, consciousness, orch or
Journal of Neurology & Stroke
Review Article Open Access
Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
159
Copyright:
©2023 Ruggiero
Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
be properly described by crystallographic methods developed for
actual aperiodic crystals. In the context of biology, the term aperiodic
crystal is used to describe genetic material, such as DNA or RNA. In
other words, aperiodic crystals are solid materials with a specific but
non-periodic arrangement of atoms. The self-assembling aperiodic
crystals described here are based on the prescient intuition of Erwin
Schroedinger. In 1944, the Austrian physicist published a book called
“What is Life?” In this book, Schrödinger proposed a number of
hypotheses about the nature of life, including the hypothesis that the
genetic material containing the information for life is an aperiodic
crystal.11 Schrödinger’s hypothesis was based on the idea that genetic
information must be encoded in a physical structure that is stable and
can be copied accurately. He argued that a periodic crystal would
not be suitable for this purpose, because it would be too rigid and
would not be able to accommodate all of the possible variations in
genetic information. In contrast, an aperiodic crystal would be able
to encode a wide variety of information in a stable and reproducible
way. The key point here is that Schrödinger also argued that aperiodic
crystals would be able to self-assemble and this is the peculiarity of
the crystals described in this study.
The first type of crystals here described consists of poly-lysine
and glutamic acid; the second type consists of crystals of sulfated
polysaccharides containing fucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose and
rhamnose, and lysine, alanine, tyrosine and cyanocobalamin. In the
first type of crystals, poly-lysine constitutes the backbone for the
establishment of non-covalent bonds between the positively charged
amino groups of poly-lysine and the negatively charged acidic
moiety of glutamic acid. In the second type of crystals, the mixture
of lysine, alanine, tyrosine and cyanocobalamin is complexed,
through formation of non-covalent bonds, with the acidic backbone
constituted by the sulfated polysaccharides where the negatively
charged sulfate ester and carboxylic groups of the polysaccharides
interact with the positively charged moieties of the amino acids and
cyanocobalamin. The two types of aperiodic crystals interact in a
CO2-enriched hydrophilic medium with the resulting self-assembly
of complex structures composed of random-sized aperiodic crystals
of [poly-lysine/glutamic acid], and [sulfated polysaccharides /lysine/
alanine/tyrosine/cyanocobalamin]. The composition of the CO2-
enriched hydrophilic medium is the following:
Sodium (mg/L) 1.8
Magnesium (mg/L) 1.5
Calcium (mg/L) 8.4
Sulfates (mg/L) 7.8
Nitrates (mg/L) 6
pH 6.65
Resistivity (Ω) 18,000
Fixed residue as 180 °C (mg/L) 39
The aqueous medium contains dissolved CO2.
These crystals, because of their random-size and, therefore,
random distribution of electrical charges on their molecular surface,
contain an elevated degree of information according to Shannon’s
entropy equation. The Shannon entropy equation is a formula used to
quantify the uncertainty or randomness of a probability distribution.
It is named after Claude Shannon, the American mathematician and
electrical engineer who is considered to be the father of information
theory. The Shannon entropy equation is as follows:
H(X) ip(x_i)log 2(p(x_i))= − ∑
where:
H(X) is the entropy of the probability distribution X
p(x_i) is the probability of the event x_i occurring
An additional level of information can be found in the molecular
structure of tyrosine, an amino acid taking part in the formation of the
aperiodic crystals and also a key constituent of tubulin proteins. In the
context of microtubules, tyrosine residues are involved in a number of
important functions, including microtubule assembly and stability.12
For example, tyrosine residues are involved in the formation of
hydrogen bonds between alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits. These
hydrogen bonds are essential for the stability of microtubules. Tyrosine
residues are also involved in the interactions of microtubules with
other proteins, such as motor proteins and microtubule-associated
proteins. These interactions are essential for the many functions of
microtubules in the cell. The main point here, however, is that tyrosine
has pi resonance clouds that are deemed essential for consciousness.13
Pi resonance clouds are delocalized electron clouds that are found in
aromatic amino acids such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine.
In order to have pi resonance, a molecule must have a flat ring
structure with alternating single and double bonds. This is because the
delocalized electrons are able to move freely around the ring, which
allows them to form pi bonds. Orch OR proposes that the pi resonance
clouds in microtubules can form quantum superpositions. This means
that they can exist in multiple states at the same time. When the brain
is processing information, these quantum superpositions are thought
to collapse into specific states, giving rise to conscious experience.13
Role of cyanocobalamin in the self-assembling
information-containing aperiodic crystals
Cyanocobalamin is a key component of one of the crystals; also
known as vitamin B12, it is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role
in many bodily functions, including red blood cell formation, DNA
synthesis, and nerve function. In the context of this study, however,
the main reason for its integration in the crystal is that it plays a role
in consciousness. Cyanocobalamin deficiency can lead to a variety
of cognitive impairments, including impaired memory, attention,
and executive function, whereas cyanocobalamin supplementation
can improve cognitive function in people with cyanocobalamin
deficiency.14 One possible way that cyanocobalamin could influence
consciousness is by affecting microtubule dynamics and stability
since it is a cofactor for the enzyme methionine synthase, which is
involved in the genesis of microtubules.15 Therefore, cyanocobalamin
deficiency could lead to impaired microtubule assembly and function,
which could, in turn, affect consciousness. Another possible way
that cyanocobalamin could influence consciousness is by affecting
the production of neurotransmitters. Cyanocobalamin is involved in
the synthesis of serotonin16 a neurotransmitter that plays a role in a
variety of cognitive functions, including attention, memory, and
mood. Therefore, cyanocobalamin deficiency could lead to impaired
serotonin production, which could, in turn, affect consciousness. The
relationship between cyanocobalamin and consciousness has a number
of important implications. For example, it could lead to new treatments
for disorders of consciousness, such as coma and Alzheimer’s disease.
Additionally, it could lead to new ways to improve cognitive function
in healthy individuals. One of the most interesting aspects of the
relationship between cyanocobalamin and consciousness is that it
suggests that consciousness is influenced by food or food supplements.
Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
160
Copyright:
©2023 Ruggiero
Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
For example, eating a diet that is supplemented with cyanocobalamin
may help to improve cognitive function and consciousness; and
cyanocobalamin supplementation could be used to improve cognitive
function in people with cyanocobalamin deficiency.15,17,18
The effects of cyanocobalamin on microtubule dynamics and
stability are also thought to be important for axonal transport that is the
process by which nutrients and other molecules are transported along
axons. In addition to its effects on microtubules, cyanocobalamin has
also been shown to have a number of other functions in the nervous
system. For example, cyanocobalamin is essential for the synthesis
of myelin19 and protects neurons from damage. All these effects of
cyanocobalamin on the central nervous system led to suggestions that
it may be used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer’s20 and Parkinson’s disease.21
Although cyanocobalamin is present in a number of commercially
available supplements for oral use, its absorption when administered
orally is relatively poor, with only about 1-2% of the ingested dose
being absorbed. Therefore, in order to overcome this obstacle, the
novel approach to oral supplementation of cyanocobalamin here
described was developed; in this approach, the vitamin is complexed
in the information-containing aperiodic crystals mentioned above.
Molecular interactions of cyanocobalamin with other
constituents of the self-assembling information-
containing aperiodic crystals
This section describes some notable interactions of cyanocobalamin
with other constituents of the self-assembling information-containing
aperiodic crystals in the aqueous carbonated medium specified above.
Interaction of cyanocobalamin with fucose
Cyanocobalamin and fucose are two very different molecules.
Cyanocobalamin is a large, complex molecule that contains a cobalt
atom at its center. Fucose is a small, simple sugar molecule that, in the
context of the crystals described in this article, is the main component
of a sulfated polysaccharide that is composed of fucose and sulfate
groups, in addition to other minor components such as mannose,
glucose, xylose, and uronic acid. Cyanocobalamin and fucose interact
with each other through hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is a
weak chemical bond that forms between two molecules that have
hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms, such as oxygen or
nitrogen. In addition, cyanocobalamin and fucose interact with each
other through electrostatic interactions. Electrostatic interactions are
forces of attraction or repulsion between two molecules that have
opposite or similar charges.
Following is the molecular formula for a novel compound that
contains both cyanocobalamin and fucose:
C65H100CoN15O22P(C6H12O5)
This compound is formed by linking a cyanocobalamin molecule
to a fucose molecule through a hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bond
is formed between the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the fucose molecule
and the amide nitrogen (-NH2) on the cyanocobalamin molecule.
Interactions of cyanocobalamin with glutamic acid
Following is the molecular formula for a novel compound where
cyanocobalamin interacts with glutamic acid in water:
C65H100CoN15O22P(C5H10NO4)
This compound is formed by linking a cyanocobalamin molecule
to a glutamic acid molecule through a hydrogen bond. The hydrogen
bond is formed between the carboxyl group (-COOH) on the glutamic
acid molecule and the amide nitrogen (-NH2) on the cyanocobalamin
molecule.
Interactions of cyanocobalamin with poly-lysine
Following is the molecular formula for a novel compound where
cyanocobalamin interacts with poly-lysine in water:
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12N2O)n
This compound is formed by linking a cyanocobalamin molecule
to a poly-lysine molecule through electrostatic interactions. The
positive charges on the amino groups of the poly-lysine molecule
are attracted to the negative charges on the phosphate group of the
cyanocobalamin molecule. The value of n in the chemical formula
depends on the length of the poly-lysine molecule.
As it is evident from the interactions briefly described above,
cyanocobalamin interacts with the two backbones of the aperiodic
crystals, the basic backbone constituted by poly-lysine, and the acidic
backbone constituted by the sulfated polysaccharide that is mainly
composed of fucose and sulfate groups.
The interaction between cyanocobalamin and the two backbones is
described by the following molecular formula:
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12O5)(C6H12N2O)n
This novel compound is formed by linking a cyanocobalamin
molecule to a fucose molecule and a poly-lysine molecule through
electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The positive charges
on the amino groups of the poly-lysine molecule are attracted to the
negative charges on the phosphate group of the cyanocobalamin
molecule. The hydroxyl group on the fucose molecule is attracted to
the amide nitrogen on the cyanocobalamin molecule.
Interactions of poly-lysine with fucose
Following is the molecular formula for a novel compound where
poly-lysine interacts with fucose:
(C6H12N2O)n(C6H12O5)m
This compound is formed by linking poly-lysine molecules to
fucose molecules through hydrogen bonds. The amino groups on
the poly-lysine molecules are attracted to the hydroxyl groups on
the fucose molecules. The values of n and m in the chemical formula
depend on the length of the poly-lysine molecule and the number of
fucose molecules that are attached to it. Poly-lysine can be composed
of anywhere from a few to hundreds of lysine molecules, and each
lysine molecule can have up to six fucose molecules attached to it.
It will not have escaped the attention of the reader that the structure
of the two aperiodic crystals are reminiscent of copolymer-1, a
synthetic polypeptide composed of four amino acids found in myelin
basic protein (MBP): L-Alanine, L-Glutamic acid, L-Lysine, and
L-Tyrosine. Copolymer 1 has a random amino acid sequence and an
average molecular mass of 6.4 kDa and its chemical composition is
as follows:
C9H11NO3 • C6H14N2O2 • C5H9NO4 • C3H7NO2
The significant difference here is that in copolimer-1 the four
amino acids are bound by peptide bonds, whereas in the aperiodic
crystals hydrogen bonds and electrostatic forces are responsible for
the self-assembly. Other significant differences are that copolymer-1
is not absorbed orally and does not contain cyanocobalamin.22
Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
161
Copyright:
©2023 Ruggiero
Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
An approach to microtubules and tubulin as they
relate to the immune system
Microtubules and tubulin play an essential role in the immune
system as they are involved in the following functions:
Cell migration: Microtubules are involved in the migration of
immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, to
sites of infection or inflammation.
Cell adhesion: Microtubules are involved in the adhesion of immune
cells to other cells or to the extracellular matrix. This is important for
the formation of the immune synapse, which is a specialized structure
that allows immune cells to communicate with each other and with
other cells in the body.
Cytokine secretion: Microtubules are involved in the secretion of
cytokines, which are signaling molecules that play a key role in the
immune response.
Antigen presentation: Microtubules are involved in the presentation
of antigens to T cells. This is an essential step in the activation of the
adaptive immune response [for review on microtubules in the immune
system, please see Kopf and Kiermaier 2021].23
Here, an approach to support and optimize tubulin function
in the immune system is described. This approach is based on the
self-assembly of Zinc, a micronutrient, with fucose according to the
following molecular formula:
Zn(C6H12O5)2
This novel compound is formed by the coordination of two
fucose molecules to a zinc ion. The hydroxyl groups on the fucose
molecules coordinate to the zinc ion through dative bonds. A dative
bond, also known as a coordinate covalent bond, is a type of covalent
bond in which both of the shared electrons come from the same
atom. This is in contrast to a regular covalent bond, in which each
atom contributes one electron to the bond. Dative bonds are typically
formed when one atom has a lone pair of electrons and another atom
has an empty electron orbital. The atom with the lone pair donates the
electron pair to the atom with the empty orbital, and the two atoms
share the electrons equally. Interestingly, dative bonds can exist in
superposition states. A superposition state is a quantum mechanical
state in which a system is in multiple states at the same time. For
example, an electron can be in a superposition state of spin up and
spin down. Superposition states of dative bonds are important for
many biological processes. For example, photosynthesis involves
the transfer of electrons between different molecules. These electron
transfers are often mediated by dative bonds in superposition states.
Superposition states of dative bonds are also important for quantum
computing. Quantum computers use superposition states to perform
calculations that are impossible for classical computers. Therefore, it
can be hypothesized that the superposition states of the dative bonds
pertaining to the Zinc-containing novel compound described above
contribute to the quantum computations typical of Orch OR.
The novel compound described above is soluble in water, as the
fucose molecules are hydrophilic. It is also stable in water, as the Zinc
ion is tightly coordinated to the fucose molecules.
The rationale for choosing Zinc consists in the fact that it is
an essential mineral that plays a role in many cellular processes,
including those pertaining to the central nervous system.24 In
particular, Zinc is an important regulator of tubulin function and
Zinc deficiency may play a role in the development of a number of
diseases that are characterized by tubulin dysfunction.25–30 Therefore,
Zinc supplementation has been shown to have beneficial effects in a
number of animal models of diseases that are characterized by tubulin
dysfunction, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.31
In the approach here described, Zinc is self-assembled with fucose
from Fucoidan. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that is found
in brown seaweed.32 It has been shown to have a number of health-
supporting properties, including:
Anti-cancer: Fucoidan has been shown to inhibit the growth and
spread of cancer cells in a variety of studies. It is thought to work
by targeting multiple pathways involved in cancer development and
progression.33
Anti-inflammatory: Fucoidan has anti-inflammatory properties and
can help to reduce inflammation throughout the body. This may be
beneficial for a variety of conditions, including arthritis, inflammatory
bowel disease, and asthma.34
Antioxidant: Fucoidan is a powerful antioxidant that can help to
protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are
unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to a variety
of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.35
Immune-boosting: Fucoidan can help to boost the immune system
and fight off infection. It is thought to work by increasing the
production of white blood cells and other immune cells.36 In addition,
Fucoidan shows GcMAF-like activity as it reduces the expression of
nagalase in human colon cancer cells.37
Antiviral: Fucoidan has antiviral properties and can help to protect
against a variety of viruses, including HIV, influenza, and herpes
simplex virus.38 As far as viral diseases are concerned, Fucoidan has
been shown to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2.39 It is thought
to work by binding to the viral spike protein and preventing it from
attaching to host cells. Fucoidan has also been shown to inhibit the
activity of the viral main protease, which is an essential enzyme for
viral replication. In addition to its antiviral properties, Fucoidan also
has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. These
properties may also be beneficial in the treatment of COVID-19.40
Anticoagulant: Fucoidan has anticoagulant properties and can help
to prevent blood clots.41 This may be beneficial for people with a
high risk of blood clots, such as those with atrial fibrillation or deep
vein thrombosis. In addition to these health-supporting properties,
Fucoidan has also been shown to improve blood sugar control, reduce
cholesterol levels, and protect against liver damage.42
Orch OR, the immune system and the rhyzome
The approaches described in this article are based, on one side, on
the Orch OR theory of consciousness and its ramifications as far as the
immune system is concerned, and, on the other side, on the concept
of the rhyzome. The rhizome is a concept in philosophy developed
by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattary.43–45 It is a way of thinking
about the world that is non-hierarchical and non-linear. The rhizome
is a network of connections that can be extended in any direction.
It is not bound by any central authority or structure. Orch OR is a
theory of consciousness that proposes that consciousness arises
from quantum computations in microtubules inside brain neurons.
One relationship between the concept of the rhizome and Orch OR
is that they both suggest that consciousness is not a centralized
phenomenon. The rhizome is a network of connections that is not
bound by any central authority or structure. Orch OR suggests that
consciousness arises from quantum computations in microtubules,
which are interconnected throughout the brain. This suggests that
Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
162
Copyright:
©2023 Ruggiero
Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
consciousness is a distributed phenomenon that is not localized to any
specific part of the brain. Another relationship between the concept of
the rhizome and Orch OR is that they both suggest that consciousness
is dynamic and constantly changing. The rhizome is a network of
connections that is constantly expanding and evolving. Orch OR
suggests that consciousness arises from quantum computations,
which are inherently dynamic and unpredictable. This suggests that
consciousness is not a static state, but rather a dynamic process that
is constantly changing. The relationship between the concept of the
rhizome and Orch OR extends to the basic quantum features of Orch
OR, that are represented by pi resonance clouds. Pi resonance clouds
are often used to represent the uncertainty and ambiguity of the
quantum world. The rhizome is a concept that embraces uncertainty
and ambiguity. A rhizome can be envisioned as a network of roots that
spread out underground. The roots are interconnected and nomadic,
and they can grow in any direction. The rhizome is constantly shifting
and changing, and it is impossible to predict where it will go next.
Pi resonance clouds are like the rhizome in that they represent the
uncertainty and ambiguity of the quantum world. The electrons in a
pi resonance cloud are not bound to any one atom, and they can move
in any direction. The pi resonance cloud is constantly shifting and
changing, and it is impossible to predict where the electrons will go
next. The connection between pi resonance clouds and the rhizome
is a reminder that the world is a dynamic and unpredictable place.
It is a place where new possibilities are constantly emerging. More
in general, the relationship between the concept of the rhizome and
Orch OR suggests that there may be a deeper connection between
consciousness and the nature of reality than we currently understand.
Here, it is proposed that there is also a relationship between the
rhizome and the immune system since the immune system can also be
seen as a rhizome. It is a complex and interconnected system that is
constantly adapting to new threats. The immune system is made up of
a variety of different cells and molecules, all of which work together
to protect the body from infection. There is no central hierarchy
in the immune system; instead, the different cells and molecules
communicate with each other and work together in a decentralized
way.46
Here are some specific analogies between the concept of the
rhizome and the immune system:
Interconnectedness: The rhizome is a decentralized system that
is made up of interconnected parts. The immune system is also
a decentralized system that is made up of interconnected cells and
molecules.
Adaptability: The rhizome is constantly adapting to new conditions.
The immune system is also constantly adapting to new threats.
Resilience: The rhizome is resilient to damage. The immune system
is also resilient to damage.
Creativity: The rhizome is a creative system that is capable of
generating new forms. The immune system is also a creative system
that is capable of generating new antibodies and other immune cells
to fight off new threats.
In the context of this article, the concept of the rhizome has
been instrumental for designing ways to optimize the function of
the immune system, for example, through the self-assembly of
Zinc with fucose. One way to think about the relationship between
Zinc and the concept of the rhizome is that Zinc is essential for the
interconnectedness, creativity and adaptability of the immune system.
The interconnectedness of the immune system is essential for its
ability to function effectively. Zinc is essential for maintaining this
interconnectedness by supporting the development and function of
many of the different cells and molecules involved in the coordinated
immune response. Zinc is also essential for the creativity of the immune
system. Zinc is involved in the production of antibodies, which are
“creatively” synthesized in response to antigens whose occurrence
is unpredictable. Finally, the adaptability of the immune system is
also essential for its ability to protect the body from new threats.
Zinc is essential for maintaining this adaptability by supporting the
development and function of dendritic cells, which are responsible for
detecting and presenting new antigens to the immune system.
Likewise, cyanocobalamin, the constituent of the approach
targeting microtubules and tubulin in the context of consciousness,
has a functional connection with the concept of the rhyzome. One
relationship between the concept of the rhizome and cyanocobalamin
is that they both suggest that the body and mind are interconnected.
The rhizome is a metaphor for the way that different parts of the body
and mind are interconnected. Cyanocobalamin is a nutrient that is
essential for the proper functioning of both the body and mind. Another
relationship between the concept of the rhizome and cyanocobalamin
is that they both suggest that the body and mind are constantly
changing. The rhizome is a dynamic network of connections that is
constantly evolving. Cyanocobalamin is a nutrient that is essential for
the growth and repair of cells. This suggests that cyanocobalamin may
play a role in the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the body and
mind. Both the rhizome and cyanocobalamin suggest that the body
and mind are interconnected and constantly changing.
Conclusion
This article describes novel compounds defined by the following
molecular formulas:
C65H100CoN15O22P(C6H12O5)
C65H100CoN15O22P(C5H10NO4)
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12N2O)n
(C65H100CoN15O22P)(C6H12O5)(C6H12N2O)n
(C6H12N2O)n(C6H12O5)m
Zn(C6H12O5)2
These compounds are able to support and optimize the function
of microtubules and tubulin in the context of Orch OR as well as in
the context of their role in the immune system. These formulas, once
integrated in drugs, health functional foods, or food supplements, have
the potential to prevent and treat a number of conditions, ranging from
neurological diseases to immune deficiencies, cancer, and diseases
caused by viruses.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Mr. Choi Hyuk of Dana Biologics
for encouragement in pursuing this line of research as well as for
inspiring discussion.
Author contribution
The author contributed solely to the work.
Conflicts of interest
The formulas described in this study are incorporated in health
functional foods and food supplements that are commercially
available. However, these products are not mentioned in this study,
neither the author receives any benefit from the sales of these products.
Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and
tubulin in the immune system and the brain
163
Copyright:
©2023 Ruggiero
Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
Ethical approval
Not applicable. This article does not report experiments performed
on humans or animals.
Availability of data and materials
A pre-print version of this article was posted on Preprints.org
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202310.0378/v1
Funding
The author did not receive any funding for this study.
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    a multifunctional molecule with anti-tumor potential. Mar Drugs.
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    anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidan: a review. Polymers (Basel).
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    activity of fucoidan from sargassum hystrix: effect of extraction method.
    Int J Food Sci. 2022;2022:3689724.
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    powerful immune-modulatory effects compared to three other fucoidans.
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    Copyright:
    ©2023 Ruggiero
    Citation: Ruggiero M. Design and development of novel compounds aimed at optimizing the function of microtubules and tubulin in the immune system and
    the brain. J Neurol Stroke. 2023;13(6):158‒164. DOI: 10.15406/mojor.2023.13.00565
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    inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020;6(1):50.
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    as an antiviral agent to combat viral infections. Carbohydr Polym.
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Dr Bernstein presents in Fatty Liver Summit

Mimi’s Kitchen Club carries this product at www.healthyenergetics.com

We call it Liv-Alive.

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Michael J. Hursa

Mimi’s son

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Bravo Yogurt gets an “Organic Swiss” Colostrum Upgrade

Puzzled by the new look of the colostrum powder?

Bravo Yogurt Gets an Upgrade

When Bravo Yogurt began over 10 years ago, the starter powders were all made in Switzerland. But in 2016, the FDA had a chat with Dr. Ruggiero about being able to sell it in the USA and wanted FDA approved colostrum. Thus, they got FDA approved colostrum and the people of the USA rejoiced to have Bravo! 

Now, the yodeling cows are back! The colostrum is now 100% Swiss and organic from certified suppliers and strictly tested of course.

The colostrum will be more yellow and a bit more oily than before due to the ingredients changing their source. Assurances of its performance were given!

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The Iodine Crisis

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The brain microbiota as it relates to the orch or theory of consciousness

Marco Ruggiero  

National Coalition of Independent Scholars, USA

Correspondence: Marco Ruggiero, MD, PhD, National Coalition of Independent Scholars , 125 Putney Rd, Battleboro, VT 05301, USA

Received: June 25, 2021 | Published: September 8, 2021

Citation: Ruggiero M. The brain microbiota as it relates to the orch or theory of consciousness. J Neurol Stroke. 2021;11(5):131-133. DOI: 10.15406/jnsk.2021.11.00471

 Download PDF

Abstract

It is proposed to incorporate the concepts of brain microbiota and microbial consciousness in the Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch OR) theory of human consciousness with the goal of increasing its explanatory and predictive powers. If consciousness arises from quantum computations in cytoskeletal structures inside human neurons, there is no theoretical impediment at hypothesizing that it might also occur in the cytoskeletal structures of the microbes resident in the human brains. If the concept of the brain microbiota is integrated in a general Orch OR theory, its explanatory and predictive powers would be vastly increased.

Keywords: consciousness, microtubule, Orch OR, brain, microbiota, quantum entanglement

Introduction

A recent article by Hameroff describes Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch OR) as “the most complete, and most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness”.1 The Author proposes an experiment, based on exposure to anesthetic gases, that would confirm or reject the theory that consciousness is based on quantum computations occurring inside microtubules of brain neurons rather than in the plasticity of the web of connections established between cells of the central nervous system as proposed by the majority of theories of consciousness.2

The basic tenets of the Orch OR theory of consciousness

Orch OR is a revolutionary theory of consciousness published by Nobel Laureate Sir Roger Penrose and Professor Stuart Hameroff for the first time in the mid-nineties,3 and further elaborated in successive publications.1 A common denominator of the various evolutions and revisions of the theory is the concept that consciousness has its origin inside brain neurons, thanks to phenomena of quantum computing that occur in the context of subcellular structures, the microtubules, and involve the conformational arrangement of a protein, tubulin. This theory is fundamentally different from all other theories of consciousness that postulate the origin of consciousness in the web of synaptic connections between neurons. According to the Orch OR theory, consciousness is the result of a sequence of discrete phenomena, each being an instant of OR of a quantum state, where it is postulated that these quantum states are present as components of a biological quantum computing machinery operating inside the conformation of the protein molecular structure of neuronal microtubules. Actual consciousness is self-generated when these phenomena of OR are “orchestrated” in an adequate manner. Orchestration occurs thanks to inputs from other neurons through wireless transmission of resonant vibrations, quantum entanglement or classic synaptic transmission as well as to inputs arising inside the microtubules that constitute a sort of memory. Given the quantum nature of the computation events, these can be transmitted to a significant number of neurons across wide areas thus generating a quantum activity of large scale inside the brain. A point that differentiates the Orch OR theory from all other theories of consciousness is that its implications are not limited to neuroscience or biochemistry, but extend to general relativity and quantum physics with ramifications in the fields of philosophy and spirituality. A most intriguing aspect of the theory consists in the implication that the processes of quantum computing due to Orch OR, as they occur in neuronal microtubules, are intimately connected with the processes operating at the level of the fine structure of the universe. Minute perturbations of the space-time fabric at the Planck/quantum level are deemed to be responsible for OR both in the brain and in the universe. In other words, the OR events that are responsible for computing and generation of consciousness when orchestrated, are the same that are at work at the level of the basic structure of the universe where minute perturbations of quantum coherence of the space-time fabric are considered responsible for the OR or the collapse to just one single state as originally postulated by Penrose.4 In this interpretation, the Orch OR theory connects the working of the brain with that of the universe. In the decades after its inception, the theory has received many constructive criticisms that led to evolutions and revisions of the original theory, whose chore tenets, however, have never been proven false. Actually, as per the classical Falsification Principle by Popper, its falsifiability makes the theory stronger than many others up to the point that Hameroff entitled his latest article ‘Orch OR’ is the most complete, and most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness.4 In order to demonstrate the completeness and easy falsifiability of the theory, Hameroff proposes four paradigm cases:

  1. Conscious vs non-conscious states; is the theory able to distinguish between the two states?
  2. Small network criterion; how many neurons are necessary for consciousness to   arise?
  3. Reduced brain volume; there are people with significantly reduced brain volume, practically with no brain.5 How can consciousness arise if not through Orch OR?
  4. Minimization of mysteries; the Occam’s razor favors minimization of mysteries, thus favoring the hypothesis that Orch OR has explanatory value for a number of   mysteries ranging from neuroscience to general relativity and quantum physics.1 (Hameroff, 2021).

Here, it is introduced a fifth paradigm case that should be taken into consideration in designing experiments aimed at falsifying the Orch OR as well as any other theory of consciousness.

The fifth paradigm, the brain microbiota

Hameroff and all those concerned with theories of consciousness focus their attention on the human cells of the brain, neurons and glial cells, but do not take into account the presence of microbial cells that constitute the brain microbiota, whose influence on brain function is nothing less than “immense”.6 The first description of bacterial cells in the brains of healthy individuals was published in 2013;6 the term “brain microbiota” in the context of neurological diseases was used for the first time in 2016.7 In 2018, ultrastructural studies demonstrated abundance of microbial cells in the areas associated with reward-seeking, learning, memory and consciousness, i.e. the substantia nigra, the hippocampus and the pre-frontal cortex.8 The microbes in human brains are the same that are found in soil and water; it has been hypothesized that they reach the brain carried by cells of the immune system as well as travelling along the axons of peripheral nerves.6,8 Whatever the case, just as it would be unrealistic today to discuss the function of the gut, or that of the immune system, without considering the essential role of the microbiota,9 it is proposed that also the discussion on the different theories of consciousness, and, in particular, Orch OR, should take into account the role of the brain microbiota.

Microbial consciousness

If consciousness arises from quantum computations occurring in cytoskeletal structures inside human neurons, there is no theoretical impediment at hypothesizing that cytoskeletal structures of microbes could give rise to forms of consciousness or awareness. Microbial consciousness arising from the cytoskeleton was described in 201710 and this concept was further elaborated in an essay published in 2019 where the Authors postulate that subjective awareness emerged as an intrinsic feature of the first unicellular forms of life through the working of oscillating cytoskeletal structures, and structurally flexible proteins, that is, in a manner closely reminiscent to the concepts at the basis of Orch OR.11 If phenomena of quantum entanglement occur between the microtubules of adjacent neurons,12 they will also occur between the cytoskeletal structures of human neurons and those of the microbes of the brain microbiota as well as between the cytoskeletal structures of the different microbes. Wireless and quantum entanglement-based communication between microtubules of individual neurons has been theoretically conceived and experimentally demonstrated,13 thus supporting the hypothesis that the process of orchestration can take place on a large scale, in theory involving all neurons across the wholeness of the brain. According to what is proposed here, these phenomena of communication are not restricted to human neurons, but are extended to the brain microbiota. This is all the more conceivable when considering that wireless communication based on the resonance of vibrations inside microtubules does not require neurotransmitters or synapses14 and, therefore, can occur between neurons and microbial cells even though they are not anatomically connected by synapses. It is worth noticing that the interpretation of Orch OR described here is consistent with the concepts put forward by Barlow15 who described how the Orch OR theory can explain consciousness of plants.

Implications for the design of experiments

In designing an experiment to prove Orch OR, Hameroff proposes to expose the brain to anesthetic gases and observe whether dampening of quantum interference beats in tubulin and microtubules occurs.1 However, volatile anesthetics affect bacterial functions such as motility, biofilm formation and signal transduction. Of particular significance are the effects on biofilm formation since this phenomenon is paradigmatic of the so-called microbial intelligence.17 In short, in designing the experiment to prove or falsify Orch OR, the effects of volatile anesthetics on the brain microbiota should be considered in order to prevent potential misinterpretation of the results.

Conclusion

Orch OR might indeed be the most complete theory of consciousness even though it has to be considered special or relative to the human part of the brain; if the concept of the brain microbiota and the ensuing concept of the rhizome18 could be integrated in a more general Orch OR theory, its explanatory and predictive powers would be vastly increased. For example, the Orch OR theory postulates that consciousness may exist independently of biological substrates, namely human neurons.13 The cases of people with vastly reduced brains who lead normal lives appear to support this postulate.5 If the concept of the microbiota is incorporated in the Orch OR theory, the issue of permanence of consciousness independently of neurons would be further supported by the consideration that the microbiota survives the human body;18 if the Orch OR phenomena occurring inside the microtubules of human neurons are entangled and shared with the microbiota, an organ that has 10 times more cells and 100 times more DNA-based information than its human counterparts in our bodies, then survival of consciousness becomes a microbiological rather than a philosophical issue.

Acknowledgments

The Author wishes to thank the staff at Silver Spring, Switzerland, for inspiring discussion.

Conflicts of interest

The author declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Hameroff S. ‘Orch OR’ is the most complete, and most easily falsifiable theory of consciousness. Cogn Neurosci.2021;12(2):74–76.
  2. Doerig A, Schurger A, Herzog MH. Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness. Cogn Neurosci. 2021;12(2):41–62.
  3. Hameroff S, Penrose R. Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: A model for consciousness. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 1996;40(3–4),453–480.
  4. Penrose R. The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics. Oxford University Press. 1989. p. 480.
  5. Feuillet L, Dufour H, Pelletier J. Brain of a white–collar worker. 2007;370(9583):262.
  6. Branton WG, Ellestad KK, Maingat F, et al. Brain microbial populations in HIV/AIDS: α–proteobacteria predominate independent of host immune status. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54673.
  7. Ruggiero M. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and the Brain Microbiota in Neurological Diseases. Clin Endosc.2016;49(6):579.
  8. Roberts RC, Farmer CB, Walker CK. The human brain microbiome; there are bacteria in our brains! 594.08/YY23. Session 594. Neuroscience. 2018. Neuroimmunology: Regulating Systems. 2018.
  9. Wu HJ, Wu E. The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(1):4–14.
  10. Reddy JSK, Pereira C. Understanding the emergence of microbial consciousness: From a perspective of the Subject–Object Model (SOM). J Integr Neurosci. 2017;16(s1):S27–S36.
  11. Baluška F, Reber A. Sentience and Consciousness in Single Cells: How the First Minds Emerged in Unicellular Species. 2019;41(3):e1800229.
  12. Hameroff S, Penrose R. Consciousness in the universe: a review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory. Phys Life Rev. 2014a;11(1):39–78.
  13. Hameroff S, Penrose R. Reply to seven commentaries on “Consciousness in the universe: Review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory”. Phys Life Rev. 2014b;11(1):94–100.
  14. Sahu S, Ghosh S, Hirata K, et al. Multi–level memory–switching properties of a single brain microtubule. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;102:123701.
  15. Barlow PW. The natural history of consciousness, and the question of whether plants are conscious, in relation to the Hameroff–Penrose quantum–physical ‘Orch OR’ theory of universal consciousness. Commun Integr Biol.2015;8(4):e1041696.
  16. Chamberlain M, Koutsogiannaki S, Schaefers M, et al. The Differential Effects of Anesthetics on Bacterial Behaviors. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170089.
  17. Westerhoff HV, Brooks AN, Simeonidis E, et al. Macromolecular networks and intelligence in microorganisms. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:379.
  18. Ruggiero M. The Human Microbiota and the Immune System; Reflections on Immortality. Madridge J Immunol. 2017;1(1):18–22.

Creative Commons Attribution License

©2021 Ruggiero. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

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Fenbendazole

Fenbendazole Joe Tippens Protocol: A Simple Step-by-Step Guide

By Dr Frank Yap, MD – February 24, 2023

If you have been diagnosed with cancer, or have a loved one that is suffering from cancer, chances are you have heard about the Joe Tippens Cancer Protocol. The Fenbendazole Cancer Protocol has been gaining rapid interest over the past years following some fenbendazole advanced cancer success stories.

Joe Tippens founded the protocol after he was told a story about a scientist at Merck Animal Health that had been performing cancer research on mice. The research included injecting different types of cancers into different mice body parts. The scientists discovered, through trial and error, a product in their canine product line, fenbendazole, that was batting 1.000 in killing these different cancers in the mice. The scientist was later diagnosed with stage 4 brain cancer and was given a grim prognosis of only three months to live. She decided to try the fenbendazole, and after six weeks, showed a clean scan.

Joe Tippens had been initially diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. The cancer later spread to his neck, right lung, stomach, liver, bladder, pancreas and tail bone. Like the scientist from Merk Animal Hospital, Joe was told he only had three months to live. In 2017, after hearing the story of the scientist who treated her cancer with a canine drug, Joe decided he was going to do the same. However, in addition to taking the fenbendazole, Joe added his own ingredients to the regimen (curcumin, CBD oil, and vitamin E), thus creating the Joe Tippens Cancer Protocol.

Disclaimer: We in no way endorse the Joe Tippens Cancer Protocol as a cure for cancer, and as always, you should consult your physician before starting any new medications or treatment plans.

What Is Fenbendazole?

According to Wikipedia, Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal parasites including: giardia, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the tapeworm genus Taenia (but not effective against Dipylidium caninum, a common dog tapeworm), pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles, and strongyloides that can be administered to sheep, cattle, horses, fish, dogs, cats, rabbits, most reptiles, freshwater shrimp tanks as planaria and hydra treatments, as well as seals.

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Common brand names include Pancur, Panacur C and Safe-Guard.

However, it is also being used by humans in a cancer treatment method known as the Joe Tippens Protocol.

Is fenbendazole a cancer cure scam? One study suggests that fenbendazole has “been safely utilized as an anti-parasitic for various different animal species and could be repurposed for treating human malignancies.” Other benzimidazoles, including albendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and flubendazole have already been shown to have promising results in humans

Another study states that the “repurposing of veterinary drugs showing promising results for human use can result in considerable time and cost reduction required to develop new drugs.”

Fenbendazole Protocol – A Simple Step-by-Step Guide

The basic fenbendazole protocol people follow is surprisingly simple and includes a few added supplements to the fenbendazole:

** Mimi does not recommend CBD oil. It will scar the subtle energy bodies.

  1. Fenbendazole
  2. Curcumin
  3. CBD Oil
  4. Berberine
  5. Quercetin

1. Fenbendazole: One Packet a Day

Fenbendazole which has 222mg of Fenbendazole per gram: one packet of powder per day for seven days a week. It can be mixed with food such as yogurt or simply taken by itself. 

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2. Curcumin: 600 mg a Day

600 mg per day of bioavailable curcumin, which is the active agent in the herb turmeric. Curcumin may help increase healthy p53 levels, and it has been shown to be a potentially effective cancer therapy supplement.

Click here to buy Theracurmin HP by Integrative Therapeutics (Amazon)

3. CBD Oil: 25 mg a Day

** Mimi does not recommend CBD oil. It will scar the subtle energy bodies.

25 milligrams daily, taken sublingually (under the tongue). The CBD oil should be high-purity level broad-spectrum. CBD has been shown to potentially modulate tumor growth.

Click here to buy medical-grade CBD Oil >> (use code RETHN2 for a 20% discount!)

A nurse’s tip: 

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  • It is important to choose the right CBD for medical use: flower-derived, lab-tested, organic, whole-spectrum.
  • To enhance CBD healing response for cancer symptoms, slowly increase to 0.5ml of CBD twice daily for a total of 50 mg.

4. Berberine: 2-3 times a day

Berberine has shown important anti-tumor effects in numerous studies. These studies reported that Berberine could prevent the multiplication of cancer cells and inhibit metastasis and the spread of cancer cells. Berberine can work with Fenbendazole to further limit the cancer cells’ ability to take up glucose. This way, cancer cells are weakened and starved. 

Click here to buy Berberine (Amazon)

5. Quercetin: 1-2 a day

Due to its antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities, quercetin has been studied extensively. Quercetin can inhibit the spread of many cancers such as prostate, cervical, lung, breast, and colon. Quercetin is not harmful to healthy cells yet powerful against cancer cells, making it a good candidate for a supplementary factor along with other anticancer medications.

Read More: Best Quercetin Supplements

FAQs

Can fenbendazole be taken in tablet, liquid or powder?

Fenbendazole is available in tablets (Happy Healing Store), liquid (Safeguard) and powder (Panacur). There may be other formulations available, but those are the primary products that patients are using.

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Is it safe for humans to take fenbendazole?

Since fenbendazole is a veterinary medicine, and is not licensed for human use and there is no specific human safety data available. The similar human forms of this class of medications, mebendazole and albendazole, have been used for parasitic infections for many years and have a good safety record. Fenbendazole has been reported to have a very low degree of toxicity and a high degree of safety in animal experiments.

Is fenbendazole toxic for the liver?

Although fenbendazole is generally well tolerated, there have been reports of elevated liver enzymes from the use of fenbendazole, as well as the human medications mebendazole and albendazole. 

I’ve found a Fenbendazole brand which is not made by Merck, is it ok?

There are a variety of opinions on which product is best, but no research exists that compares the effectiveness of various formulations in humans. Merck and Safeguard are well established companies whose products have been safety tested in animals and used by veterinarians for many years. 

Would the fenbendazole protocol work with conventional treatment? – chemotherapy?

Yes, fenbendazole has the potential to synergize with conventional treatments, and possibly enhance treatment response. Some aspects of the protocol, such as vitamin E and curcumin, may interfere with chemotherapy and radiation due to their anti-oxidant properties. 

Some people take it 3 day on 4 off, some 1 gram a day, some 2 or even 4 grams a day. What is the correct dosage?

Joe Tippens, who popularized the use of Fenbendazole for cancer, recommends 222 mg for three consecutive days, then four days off. There are many people who take larger doses, more frequently. Since Fenbendazole is not licensed for the treatment of cancer in humans, there is no correct dose that is supported by research, pharmacists or physicians. The dose you choose to take should be assessed based on your other medications and treatments, your type of cancer, prognosis, organ function and lab values.

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How long do I need to be on this protocol?

This will be up to you based on your treatment response to the protocol. It is reported that Joe Tippens continues to use the protocol for prevention.

How do I know when it is time to dose up?

This is an individual decision based on treatment response, tolerance, other treatments/medications and lab values. 

Q&A Session with Joe Tippens (Jan 2022)

Adam Payne

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Q&A Session with Joe Tippens

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0:01 / 1:19:47

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What’s Joe Tippens doing in 2022 to stay cancer free?

One of the contributors from CancerDefeated.com met Joe in person and interviewed him in April 2022. Here’s what she discovered…

Joe’s scan was completely clear in early 2017. His scan in Feb. 2022 still shows no evidence of disease.

Since cancer is notorious for recurrences, Joe continues to follow his regimen for prevention… and plans to for the rest of his life. However, he recently revamped the rest of his entire cancer treatment protocol.

Joe has scaled back to three days a week on the FenBen, now that he’s been cancer-free for five years. He recommends staying on the seven-day fenbendazole protocol till you’re cancer-free for at least three years.

Based on his extensive research, he’s added things to his protocol. including Frankincense and berberine. All products are in a much more bioavailable form, too. He notes that getting absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream is a bigger problem than most people realize. His new protocol helps address this problem.

Joe spent much of 2021 collaborating with scientists and M.D.’s in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical space, to develop processes that dramatically improve nutrient delivery into the bloodstream at previously unheard-of levels.

Here’s the three-pronged approach he uses in 2022 (R):

1: Support healthy cell division. Joe consumes cryogenically extracted CEM™ Hemp. Getting the terpenes and cannabinoids from full-spectrum hemp is critical to gaining its best benefits. The product is now cryo-extracted to preserve these substances. It also includes Frankincense and a Nano MCT oil.

2: Support healthy cell life cycles and clearance of dead cells with curcumin. Curcumin was always part of Joe’s protocol. He previously used the most bioavailable curcumin product he could find. He cringes when he relates how much he was depending on a nutrient that’s so 

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